Safety and efficacy of magnesium-rich artificial cerebrospinal fluid for subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of using a newly formulated magnesium-rich artificial cerebrospinal fluid (MACSF) as an alternative to normal saline (NS) for intraoperative irrigation during aneurysm clipping in improving the prognosis of patients with Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Methods: Patients with aSAH who underwent intraoperative irrigation with MACSF or NS during the clipping in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi 'an Jiaotong University from March 2019 to March 2022 were selected as MACSF group and NS group, respectively. The primary prognostic indicators were the incidence of favorable outcomes (mRS 0-2). The secondary outcome measures included cerebral vasospasm (CVS), mortality, total hospital stay, and intensive care unit (ICU) stay. Safety was evaluated based on the occurrence rates of hypermagnesemia, meningitis, and hydrocephalus. Results: Overall, 34 and 37 patients were enrolled in the MACSF and NS groups, respectively. At 90 days after aSAH onset, the proportion of favorable prognosis in the MACSF group was significantly higher than that in the NS group (p = 0.035). The incidence of CVS within 14 days after surgery was significantly lower in the MACSF group than that in the NS group (p = 0.026). The mortality rate in the MACSF group was significantly lower than in the NS group (p = 0.048). The median lengths of hospital stay (p = 0.008) and ICU stay (p = 0.018) were significantly shorter in the MACSF group than in the NS group. No significant differences were observed in safety measures. Conclusion: Using MACSF as an irrigation fluid for aneurysm clipping can significantly improve the 90-day prognosis of patients with aSAH, which may be related to the reduced incidence of CVS. Clinical trial registration: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT04358445.

Safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in patients with autoimmune neurological conditions: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: Risk of adverse effects and exacerbation in autoimmune neurological conditions (ANC)are frequently cited reasons for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. This study evaluates the ANC safety of COVID-19 vaccines in the real world. Methods: Electronic databases were searched to identify studies reporting the use of the COVID-19 vaccine in ANC. We selected studies that provided data on adverse effects and worsening conditions related to ANC after vaccination. The pooled incidence rates for various adverse effects, stratified for the disease category, dosage, and type of vaccine, were estimated. Results: Twenty-eight studies (31 vaccination cohorts) were included. The pooled incidence rate of general adverse events was 0.35 (95%CI, 0.27-0.43, I2 = 100 %). The pooled incidence rates of local injection reaction, fatigue, weakness, myalgia, fever, headache, and chills were 0.27 (0.18-0.36, I2 = 98 %), 0.16(0.11-0.21, I2 = 93 %), 0.15(0.00-0.31, I2 = 97 %), 0.13(0.08-0.19, I2 = 97 %), 0.11(0.07-0.15, I2 = 95 %), 0.11(0.07-0.16, I2 = 97 %), and 0.09 (0.03-0.16, I2 = 96 %), respectively. The pooled incidence rate of exacerbation adverse events was 0.05 (95%CI, 0.04-0.07, I2 = 84 %). Conclusion: According to available evidence, the administration of COVID-19 vaccines in individuals with autoimmune neurological disorders seems well-tolerated, with few reports of adverse events. Furthermore, exacerbation of autoimmune neurological conditions following vaccination appears to be infrequent.

Association between three-territory sign and prognosis of acute ischemic stroke patients with malignancy.

Background: Multiple cerebral infarcts are usually secondary to cardiogenic embolism, particularly through atrial fibrillation (AF). The three-territory sign (TTS) is an imaging marker that reflects multiple cerebral lesions involving three vascular territories measured by diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and the most common etiology is an underlying malignancy. Recent studies have shown that TTS is six times more frequently observed in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients with malignancy than in those with AF-related AIS. However, the relevance of TTS to the prognosis of IS patients with malignancy remains unclear. Methods: Over a 5-year period (May 2016 to 31 June 2021), AIS admissions with DWI were identified from the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University. Patients were divided into two groups according to whether they had malignancy or AF, resulting in a total of 80 patients with known malignancy (malignancy group) and 92 patients with AF (AF group). All DWI images were reviewed to determine the territory lesion count. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data, together with radiographic examination data and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score within a year, were collected. The main outcome was the association between TTS and the prognosis of AIS patients with malignancy, analyzed by a multivariate logistic regression model. Results: A total of 172 patients met the selection criteria, including 17 (21.3%) patients in the malignancy group and 8 (8.7%) patients in the AF group with TTS. Age and sex distributions were similar for AIS patients of malignancy and AF. The TTS was 2.4 times more likely to be observed in AIS patients with malignancy compared to AF-related IS patients. The univariate analysis showed that hypertension (OR = 1.137, 95%CI: 1.002-1.291), D-dimer (OR = 1.328, 95%CI: 1.022-1.726), fibrin degradation product (OR = 1.117, 95%CI: 1.010-1.236), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; OR = 1.007, 95%CI: 1.000-1.015) were the risk factors for the high mortality rate. Multivariate analysis showed that TTS was the independent risk factor for mortality in AIS patients with malignancy (adjusted OR: 6.866, 95% CI: 1.371-34.395). Conclusion: TTS was more frequently observed in AIS patients with malignancy than AF-related AIS and substantially related to high poor outcome (mRS > 2) in AIS patients with malignancy, indicating diagnostic and prognostic value in malignancy-associated hypercoagulation stroke.

Post-dural puncture headache combined with pneumocephalus secondary to vaginal delivery following epidural anesthesia: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Pneumocephalus is rare in vaginal deliveries. Pneumocephalus may be asymptomatic or present with signs of increased intracranial pressure. However, parturients who received epidural anesthesia with air in their brains may experience low intracranial pressure headaches after giving birth, causing the diagnosis of pneumocephalus to be delayed. We report a case of a parturient who developed post-dural puncture headache combined with pneumocephalus secondary to vaginal delivery following epidural anesthesia. CASE PRESENTATION: A 24-year-old G1P0 Chinese woman at 38 weeks gestation was in labor and received epidural anesthesia using the loss of resistance to air technique and had a negative prior medical history. She presented with postural headache, neck stiffness and auditory changes 2 h after vaginal delivery. The head non-contrast computed tomography revealed distributed gas density shadows in the brain, indicating pneumocephalus. Her headache was relieved by bed rest, rehydration, analgesia, and oxygen therapy and completely disappeared after 2 weeks of postpartum bed rest. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report that positional headaches after epidural anesthesia may not indicate low intracranial pressure alone; it may combine with pneumocephalus, particularly when using the loss of resistance to air technique. At this moment, head computed tomography is essential to discover other conditions like pneumocephalus.

The patent foramen ovale may alter migraine brain activity: A pilot study of electroencephalography spectrum and functional connectivity analysis.

Background: A link has been shown between patent foramen ovale (PFO) and migraine, particularly migraine with aura. However, it is unknown if PFO might cause migraine by altering cortical excitability and neural network, which may lower the threshold of cortical spreading depression (CSD). This study aims to compare the spectrum power and functional connectivity of the alpha and beta bands of electroencephalography (EEG) across migraine patients with and without PFO. Methods: Thirty-five migraine patients with PFO (PFO +), 35 migraine patients without PFO (PFO -) and 20 PFO patients without migraine (control) were enrolled in this cross-sectional analysis. 19-channel EEG was recorded for all patients under resting state and intermittent photic stimulation. Power spectrum density (PSD) and phase lag index (PLI) of alpha and beta bands were then calculated and compared between the three groups. Results: During photic stimulation, the beta band PSD at the occipital area was substantially higher in PFO + migraine patients compared to PFO-migraine patients (p < 0.05, Bonferroni corrected). Subgroup analysis showed that both migraine with and without aura patients with PFO had increased PSD in the alpha and beta bands at the occipital region during photic stimulation (p < 0.05, Bonferroni corrected). Meanwhile, the beta band PLI during photic stimulation was significantly elevated (adjusted p = 0.008, utilizing the network-based statistic technique) in PFO + group compared to PFO-group. Furthermore, although failed to pass the correction, the beta band power in the occipital area during photic stimulation at 20 Hz on O1 (R = 0.392, p = 0.024) and O2 channel (R = 0.348, p = 0.047) was prone to positively correlated with MIDAS score, and during photic stimulation at 12 Hz on O2 channel (R = 0.396, p = 0.022) and 20 Hz (R = 0.365, p = 0.037) on O1 channel was prone to positively correlated to HIT-6 score in PFO+ migraineurs, whereas no similar correlation was found in the PFO-group patients. Conclusion: The outcomes of this investigation suggested that PFO may change the cortical excitability in the occipital lobe of both migraineurs with and without aura. Meanwhile, the beta band PSD on the occipital area during photic stimulation might be an objective measure of severity in migraineurs with PFO.

High indirect bilirubin levels as an independent predictor of postoperative myasthenic crisis: a single-center, retrospective study.

Background: Thymectomy is an efficient and standard treatment strategy for patients with myasthenia gravis (MG), postoperative myasthenic crisis (POMC) is the major complication related to thymectomy and has a strongly life-threatening effect. As a biomarker, whether the bilirubin level is a risk factor for MG progression remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between the preoperative bilirubin level and postoperative myasthenic crisis (POMC). Methods: We analyzed 375 patients with MG who underwent thymectomy at Tangdu Hospital between January 2012 and September 2021. The primary outcome measurement was POMC. The association between POMC and bilirubin level was analyzed by restricted cubic spline (RCS). Indirect bilirubin (IBIL) was divided into two subgroups based on the normal upper limit of IBIL, 14 µmol/L. Results: Compared with non-POMC group, IBIL levels were significantly higher in patients with POMC. Elevated IBIL levels were closely associated with an increased risk of POMC (p for trend = 0.002). There was a dose-response curve relationship between IBIL levels and POMC incidence (p for non-linearity = 0.93). However, DBIL levels showed a U-shaped association with POMC incidence. High IBIL level (≥14 µmol/L) was an independent predictive factor for POMC [odds ratio = 3.47, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.56-7.8, p = 0.002]. The addition of high IBIL levels improved the prediction model performance (net reclassification index = 0.186, 95% CI: 0.039-0.334; integrated discrimination improvement = 0.0345, 95% CI: 0.005-0.065). Conclusion: High preoperative IBIL levels, especially those exceeding the normal upper limit, could independently predict the incidence of POMC.

Acute Myocardial Infarction and Concomitant Acute Intracranial Hemorrhage: Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes.

This study aimed to evaluate the demographic and clinical characteristics, treatments and outcomes of concomitant acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and acute intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). All patients diagnosed with concomitant AMI and acute ICH admitted to our institution were included retrospectively. The patient demographics, clinical characteristics, neuroimaging and treatment approaches were analyzed, and the outcomes of interest included disability as defined by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score and all-cause mortality within 1 year of follow-up. Of a total of 4972 patients with AMI, 8 patients (0.2%) with concomitant acute ICH were recruited for the study, including ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI, 5 cases) and non-STEMI (3 cases). New-onset acute ICH in 4 of the 5 patients (80%) occurred within 24 hours after the AMI event, and all these patients had a sudden decrease in the level of consciousness, with an average decrease of 4.6 on the Glasgow Coma Scale. All 5 out of 8 patients had irregular shapes and uncommon sites of hematoma presentation documented on CT scans. Unfortunately, 2 patients died from a progression of ICH within 1 week, and 2 of the 6 survivors had poor functional outcomes (mRS ≥3) at the 1-year follow-up. Concomitant acute ICH and AMI are rare complications displaying unique iconography. Acute ICH caused serious prejudice in AMI with higher mortality and poor functional outcomes, and cardiac catheterization without the administration of antithrombotic or antiplatelet agents was feasible for patients who had unstable hemodynamics or STEMI.

In-hospital and one-year outcomes in cancer patients receiving percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction: A real-world study.

Background: Cancer and ischemic heart disease are the leading causes of mortality. The optimal management for patients with concomitant acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and cancer remains challenging. Objective: To evaluate in-hospital and 1-year adverse outcomes in cancer patients receiving percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to treat AMI. Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective cohort study, patients with cancer admitted to The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University for AMI and discharged between January 2015 and June 2020 were analyzed. The outcomes were all-cause mortality at 1-year follow up and incidence of in-hospital adverse events, including arrhythmias, heart failure, major bleeding, stroke, and all-cause death. Results: A total of 119 patients were included, of these, 68 (57.1%) received PCI (PCI group) and 51 (42.9%) did not (non-PCI group). Patients in the PCI group had a lower incidence of in-hospital arrhythmias (22.1 vs. 39.2%; p = 0.042), major bleeding (2.9 vs. 15.7%; p = 0.013), and all-cause mortality (1.5 vs. 11.8%; p = 0.018) than those in non-PCI group. On 1-year follow-up, the PCI group had a lower all-cause mortality than the non-PCI group (log-rank test = 14.65; p < 0.001). Multivariable Cox regression showed that PCI is an independent protective factor (adjusted HR = 0.503 [0.243-0.947], p = 0.045) for cancer patients who have concomitant AMI. Conclusion: Cancer patients receiving PCI for AMI had a lower risk of in-hospital adverse events and mortality as well as 1-year all-cause mortality compared to those who refused PCI. Our study therefore supports the use of PCI to improve prognosis of this selected group of patients.

Early Coagulation Disorder Is Associated With an Increased Risk of Atrial Fibrillation in Septic Patients.

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) and coagulation disorder, two common complications of sepsis, are associated with the mortality. However, the relationship between early coagulation disorder and AF in sepsis remains elusive. This study aimed to evaluate the interaction between AF and early coagulation disorder on mortality. Methods: In this retrospective study, all data were extracted from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III (MIMIC-III) database. Septic patients with coagulation tests during the first 24 h after admission to intensive care units (ICUs) meeting study criteria were included in the analysis. Early coagulation disorder is defined by abnormalities in platelet count (PLT), international normalized ratio (INR) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) within the first 24 h after admission, whose score was defined with reference to sepsis-induced coagulopathy (SIC) and coagulopathy. Patients meeting study criteria were divided into AF and non-AF groups. Results: In total, 7,528 septic patients were enrolled, including 1,243 (16.51%) with AF and 5,112 (67.91%) with early coagulation disorder. Compared with patients in the non-AF group, patients in the AF group had higher levels of INR and APTT (P < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that stroke, early coagulation disorder, age, gender, congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic pulmonary disease, renal failure, and chronic liver disease were independent risk factors for AF. In addition, AF was related to in-hospital mortality and 90-day mortality. In the subgroup analysis stratified by the scores of early coagulation disorder, AF was associated with an increased risk of 90-day mortality when the scores of early coagulation disorder were 1 or 2 and 3 or 4. Conclusion: In sepsis, coagulation disorder within the first 24 h after admission to the ICUs is an independent risk factor for AF. The effect of AF on 90-day mortality varies with the severity of early coagulation disorder.

Case Report: Abnormal ECG and Pantalgia in a Patient With Guillain-Barré Syndrome.

Background: Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute immune-mediated disorder in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) characterized by symmetrical limb weakness, sensory disturbances, and clinically absent or decreased reflexes. Pantalgia and dysautonomia, including cardiovascular abnormalities, are common findings in the spectrum of GBS. It is usually challenging to distinguish GBS-related electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormities and chest pain from acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in patients with GBS due to the similar clinical symptom and ECG characteristics. Here, we present a case of GBS complicating ACS. Case Summary: A 37-year-old woman with a 2-month history of GBS presented to the emergency department due to pantalgia. The ECG showed a pattern of transitional T-wave inversion in the leads I, aVL, and V2 through V4 and shortly returned to normal, which appeared several times in a short time, but lab testing was unremarkable. Then, a further coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) revealed the presence of critical stenosis of the left anterior descending artery, leading to the diagnosis of ACS. During the follow-up, she suffered from a non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction and accepted revascularization of the left anterior descending artery in the second week after discharge. Conclusion: Guillain-Barré syndrome could accompany chest pain and abnormalities on ECG. Meanwhile, it is essential to bear in mind that "GBS-related ECG abnormalities and chest pain" is a diagnosis of exclusion that can only be considered after excluding coronary artery disease, especially when concomitant chest pain, despite being a common presentation of pantalgia, occurs.

Systemic arterial blood pressure and intracerebral hemorrhage after mechanical thrombectomy in anterior cerebral circulation.

The relationship between systemic arterial blood pressure (BP) and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) after mechanical thrombectomy (MT) of the cerebral artery remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the effect of BP variables on ICH after MT in patients with acute occlusions of the anterior cerebral circulation. Patients undergoing MT due to acute occlusions of the anterior cerebral circulation were enrolled in this single-center study. Non-invasive BP data following MT were obtained within the first 24 hours, including mean, maximum, minimum, difference between maximum and minimum, SD and coefficient of variation for systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) and mean arterial pressure. ICH was defined and classified according to the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study-II. In 164 enrolled patients (median age 65 (IQR 56-75) years; 31.7% female), higher maximum (89.5 mm Hg vs 98.5 mm Hg, p=0.001) and SD (9.8 mm Hg vs 10.9 mm Hg, p=0.038) of DBP were associated with higher risk of ICH. The optimal cut-off values associated with ICH for maximum SBP were 155 mm Hg and for maximum DBP 92.5 mm Hg, respectively. Higher BP within 24 hours after MT in acute occlusions of the anterior cerebral circulation is associated with a greater risk of ICH. More studies are needed to further determine optimal BP goals in the acute phase after MT.

Clinical Features of Patients Undergoing the Head-Up Tilt Test and Its Safety and Efficacy in Diagnosing Vasovagal Syncope in 4,873 Patients.

Background: The head-up tilt test (HUTT) is a useful diagnostic tool in patients with suspected vasovagal syncope (VVS). Objectives: We aimed to investigate the direct drug-potentiated HUTT in patients with recurrent syncope or precursor syncope and to assess the diagnostic value of the direct drug-potentiated HUTT. Methods: The medical history and direct drug-potentiated HUTT records of patients who complained of syncope or precursor syncope and who visited The Xianyang Central Hospital from January 2016 to December 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Results: A total of 4,873 patients (age = 43.8 ± 17.6 years; male = 2,064 [42.4%]) were enrolled in our study. Overall, 2,343 (48.1%) showed positive responses as follows: 1,260 (25.9%) with the mixed type, 34 (0.7%) with the cardioinhibitory type, 580 (11.9%) with the vasodepressor type, 179 (3.7%) with postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS), and 290 (6.0%) with orthostatic hypotension (OH). The study showed that prior to syncope or near-syncope symptoms, patients first presented an increase in heart rate (HR), followed by decreases in blood pressure (BP) and HR successively. Among the patients in the syncope group, the sensitivity of the HUTT was 65.9%, which was significantly higher than a sensitivity of 44.8% for patients in the non-syncope group (P < 0.01). The sensitivity of the HUTT was higher for females than males in both the syncope group (52.6% in males and 77.9% in females, P < 0.01) and the non-syncope group (36.5% in males and 50.6% in females, P < 0.01). Within the four age groups (<20, 21-40, 41-60, and >60 years old), the sensitivities were 74.7%, 67.7%, 45.6%, and 31.2%, respectively. And all gender, age and symptom (whether suffered from a syncope or not) significantly affected the positive responses of HUTT. There were two adverse events and no deaths during the HUTT in this study. Conclusion: The direct drug-potentiated HUTT is a safe and highly sensitive tool with which to diagnose VVS. Patients with precursor syncope symptoms without syncope should undergo a HUTT, especially young females presenting with weakness and sweating, which can decrease the probability of a misdiagnosis or a missed diagnosis.